Diligent and participatory planning that takes into account technological developments will be key to transition the Indonesian transport sector

The transportation sector is the largest energy user in Indonesia and contributes significantly to the increase in GHG emissions. The high dependence on oil in the transportation sector has resulted in various problems such as growing oil imports, worsening air pollution, and increasing CO2 emissions.

In line with economic growth, the demand for transportation will continue to increase which later translates into increased energy consumption. As a result, greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are projected to increase by three folds and reach 500 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2050, writes Julius Christian, author of the report A transition towards low carbon transport in Indonesia: a technological perspective. “Most of these emissions are associated with road transport that dominates energy consumption in the Indonesian transport sector,” says Julius.

Projection of energy demand in the transport sector

To achieve low carbon transportation, it is necessary to increase system efficiency through the Avoid, Shift, and Improve approach. However, in order to achieve a net-zero transportation system, alternative technologies are needed. Currently, there are various alternative technology options available to lower emissions in the transportation sector.

“Each technology option has different potentials and limitations, so it is impossible to rely solely on one of them. Vehicle electrification needs to be prioritized because it provides many additional benefits, but not all modes are easy to electrify”.

The report proposes the use of different technologies for each mode of transportation. Cars, motorbikes, and city buses need to be electrified. Trucks can be electrified (low load, short-haul), fueled with biofuels or hydrogen, or switched to rail mode. The railing systems need to be electrified. Aircraft can be fueled with biofuel or synthetic fuels or switched to the fast train mode. Meanwhile, ships should be electrified or fueled with biofuels, hydrogen, or ammonia.

“If a combination of these options is implemented, GHG emissions could be close to zero by 2050 as long as the electricity used is coming from renewable energy sources and alternative fuels (e.g. biofuels) are also produced sustainably,” says Julius, noting that technology advancement will help the transportation sector to decarbonize. 

GHG Emissions from the transport sector in different decarbonization options

The author also emphasizes that diligent and participatory planning that takes into account technological developments will be key in this transition. Planning will help prevent Indonesia from facing stranded asset risk and infrastructure problems in the future. 

“The construction of a biofuel refinery, for instance, needs to anticipate the development of electric vehicles and alternative fuel technologies in the long term so that they do not become stranded assets. The biofuel plant has the potential to become a stranded asset when its development is not planned carefully,” says Julius. 

“The government needs to lead a deliberate process to establish an integrated roadmap to achieve zero emissions in 2050 in the transportation sector in accordance with the Paris Agreement. This roadmap must consider several things: the arrangement must involve all stakeholders, the infrastructure development planning must be aligned with technological developments, socio-economic impacts of the transition, and mitigation plans should be assessed and prepared, research and development of alternative low-carbon transportation technologies should be conducted,” he concludes. 

“In addition, low carbon transport policies must be implemented immediately and the sustainability aspects, both environmental and social, of the existing alternative technology options must also be considered.”

 

Read the full report:

Author contact: Julius Christian Adiatma (IESR Clean Fuel Specialist), julius@iesr.or.id

Global energy transition will threaten Indonesia’s coal industry. It’s time to prepare for the coal transition

 

Plummeting costs of renewable energy, increasing coal-related health risks, and raising concern about climate change will likely push coal out of the global energy sector. As the world’s largest steam coal exporter and one of the countries with massive coal-fired power plant expansion, Indonesia would likely hit hard by the global energy transition. 

The main export destinations of Indonesian coal, such as China, India, Japan, South Korea, and East and Southeast Asian countries, have established energy policies directed towards developing renewable energy and clean technologies. With the policies, demands for Indonesian coal from these countries will likely decline in the near future. IESR’s study titled  Energy Transition in the Power Sector and Its Implication for the Coal Industry showcases three different scenarios for Indonesia’s coal demand projection. All scenarios project a decline in coal demand by up to 86% in 2050 compared to 2018 production.

Projected coal demand in three different scenarios for Indonesia

The author of the study, Deon Arinaldo, stresses that the government’s plan to prolonge coal use in the country by installing clean coal technology and setting up the downstream coal industry (coal upgrading, gasification, and liquefaction) will only put the country at risk. “The viability of the downstream industry will highly depend on different factors such as feedstock prices since outputs from this industry will directly compete with similar products sourced from oil and gas. The investment cost is also a barrier. A coal liquefaction plant with a production capacity of 50 thousand barrels per day, for instance, will require an investment cost of USD 3.5 – 6.3 billion. The number is still not taking into account the investment costs for pollution and emission control in coal mining activities.” 

“Moreover, in terms of CO2 emissions, clean coal technology cannot beat renewable energy that is available at lower costs”, says Deon.

Full lifecycle of GHG emission for different power plant technologies. Source: Bruckner et al. (2014)

A failure to plan coal transition will likely result in a range of problems such as stranded assets, unemployment, revenue loss, and economic contraction in coal-producing regions. The UK case study shows that the coal transition is a long and complex process that requires careful planning. “Learning from this experience, Indonesia should prepare coal-producing regions such as East Kalimantan, that have high reliance on the coal industry to generate revenues, to go through the transition process. In preparing coal exit plans for these regions, the government should set clear goals and involve stakeholders in every step in the transition process”, he concludes.

Total GDP and GDP growth from coal & lignite mining in East Kalimantan

 


Read the full report:

Author contact: Deon Arinaldo (IESR Energy Information Specialist), deon@iesr.or.id

Opportunities for climate-smart development in Indonesia

Original article was published on Climateworks blog

Indonesia is among the top 10 greenhouse gas emitting countries globally, and is the largest economy within Southeast Asia, one of the fastest-growing regions in the world. As a rapidly developing country (the World Bank upgraded it to upper-middle-income status earlier this year) with the world’s fourth-largest population, Indonesia is a key country for deep decarbonization strategies to meet the mid-century goals of the Paris Agreement. The development pathway Indonesia chooses for itself will have broad ramifications for the Southeast Asian region and the rest of the world. While Indonesia is not on track to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement, there are many opportunities for Indonesia to enhance its climate ambition and avoid locking itself into a high-carbon development pathway with environmental degradation and stranded assets. By pursuing the right policies today, Indonesia can emerge from the Covid-19 pandemic with a vibrant economy without sacrificing its environment.

Why climate action

Climate action is important for Indonesia both to reduce its exposure to the physical risks of climate change and to realize the social and economic benefits associated with reforms across key sectors. With 81,000 km of coastline across its many islands, Indonesia is vulnerable to sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion, which may impact freshwater availability and agricultural production in conjunction with changes in precipitation patterns. At the same time, Indonesia has a large youth population, is busy building infrastructure, and has maintained solid economic growth for a number of years. If Indonesia wishes to escape the middle-income trap and continue its upward trajectory, it needs to move beyond natural resource extraction and invest in the industries of the future. Fortunately, there are many options that a forward-looking policymaker could advocate for. The five actions outlined below are not exhaustive, but are among the many positive steps Indonesia could incorporate into an update to its Long-Term Strategy to enhance its climate ambition and promote a sustainable recovery.

1. Decarbonize land transport

Transportation — both personal mobility and freight activity — is not only the largest source of energy demand in Indonesia, it is also responsible for dangerous levels of local air pollutants that reduce life expectancy in Indonesia by over one year on average. Electrification of two-wheelers, buses, cars, and trucks, and more stringent fuel economy standards for fossil-powered vehicles will drastically improve air quality and health outcomes while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Fortunately, the government recognizes the importance of clean transportation and President Joko Widodo has issued presidential regulations in 2019 and 2020 that set targets for electric vehicle adoption and provide incentives for local electric vehicle production.

Decarbonizing land-based transport would reduce Indonesia’s greenhouse gas emissions, while also improving public health.

2. Enable low-carbon industry

While Indonesia should be congratulated on recently reaching upper-middle-income status, there are warning signs for the economy that merit a considered policy response. After rapidly increasing through the early 2000s, foreign direct investment into Indonesia has stagnated over the last several years and the economy is still highly dependent on extractive industries such as crude palm oil and coal production. Escaping the middle-income trap will require a concerted effort to promote the industries of the future that will allow for Indonesia to be competitive on the global stage. Leveraging its world-class nickel and copper deposits, Indonesia is hoping to become a hub for battery electric vehicles, which would both stimulate domestic manufacturing and help reduce Indonesia’s transportation emissions. Likewise, the nascent domestic renewable energy industry needs support to scale, and other industrial concerns in the country need to increase their energy efficiency to be competitive in the global market.

3. Scale social forestry

By empowering local communities to manage and use their forest resources, social forestry has been shown to reduce illegal logging practices and forest fires from slash-and-burn agriculture. Agroforestry and other sustainable utilizations of the forest can provide jobs for smallholders while maintaining carbon stocks through responsible forest management. The expansion of government initiatives to provide community assistance is an opportunity to increase the benefits from the social forestry program in Indonesia.

4. Promote energy-efficient buildings and appliances

Indonesia is one of the world’s great untapped markets for energy efficiency. For the most part, standards and codes regulating the energy use of buildings and appliances are well behind global and regional best practices. Developing and implementing more stringent standards and incentivizing energy efficiency retrofits would enable a wide array of benefits to Indonesian households, including lower energy consumption costs, better indoor air quality and improved thermal comfort. Benefits would also accrue to society at large from lowering peak electricity demand (limiting the need to build more power plants) and wide-scale job creation for energy entrepreneurs and trade workers (construction, electricians, installation, etc.).

Ensuring quality access to energy while also boosting energy efficiency will improve the health and economic opportunities of Indonesians while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Ensure quality electricity access

While over 95% of Indonesians have some access to electricity, ensuring quality access will improve the health and economic opportunities of Indonesians while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The state-run electrification program often uses diesel generators to provide electricity in rural areas, which is highly polluting to local air as well as unreliable and expensive. Replacing diesel generators with distributed renewable energy will result in immediate health benefits while, over time, quality and sustainable electricity access can help power economic activity in rural areas where poverty rates are disproportionately high.

Conclusion

From electrifying transportation to the development of social forestry and low-carbon industries, there are many opportunities that can help Indonesia recover from the Covid-19 pandemic, achieve its development priorities, and improve the health of local communities while delivering significant climate co-benefits. Instead of locking in a future with high-carbon infrastructure, stranded assets, and deadly air pollution, Indonesia still has the opportunity to choose another path — one that combines low-carbon economic opportunities with clean air and climate protection.

If only I installed solar PV rooftop before Covid-19 pandemic hit Indonesia?

Mr. T has thought of installing a solar PV rooftop on his house for a while now. He has saved up enough money to build a 2 kWp system, but unfortunately not enough to include a battery system. That is why he is thinking of exporting the excess generation to PLN’s grid.

Looking at the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) Regulation No.49/2018 on Solar PV Rooftop Utilization by PLN’s consumers, Article 6 introduces a 65% multiplier on the exported kWh, which Mr. T fully aware of. With his whole family members are never at home during the day and only come back late afternoon, daytime electricity consumption is far less than night. It means, there will always be excess electricity to be exported. However, exporting this excess at a 35% discount still bothers him and disheartens him for installing this solar PV rooftop. “If only I could consume all of the rooftop PV generations”, he thought to himself.

*

A study by Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL) in 2019 tried to model load profiles for various household appliances in Indonesia (McNeil, 2019). These end-use load profiles for the residential sector are grouped into 8 types as can be seen in the figure below.

There are two important points that we can get from the figure above. First, it gives us an overview of which type of appliances is operating at which time in a day. Second, it also gives us a hint of how big of an electrical load each appliance has.

Since Covid-19 cases increased in Indonesia, the government has implied that non-essential business/services should not be opened. Instead of working from the office, these businesses/services should implement the working from home policy (WFH) for the majority, if not all, of their employees. What does it mean? It means, increased electricity consumption in the residential sector during the day.

Now let’s look again at Mr. T. Since the implementation of this WFH, he and his family have new habits. One noticeable change in their daily life is that they now rarely turn-off their air conditioners. Maybe only for a couple of hours in the morning to let fresh air coming into the house. But other than that, these ACs are always on the cooling mode. If we try to adapt it to the figure before, we will have a new end-use load profile like this figure below.

So now, if we come back to the early dilemma that Mr. T has, what does it mean?

It means he now has an additional electricity demand during the day which will consume all the electricity generated from the solar PV rooftop. There is no need to worry about losses due to export and keep low electricity bill despite the increase in electricity consumption is something that Mr. T happily accept.

References

McNeil, Michael ANihan Karali, and Virginie E Letschert“Forecasting Indonesia’s electricity load through 2030 and peak demand reductions from appliance and lighting efficiency.” Energy for Sustainable Development 49.April 2019 (2019).

 

Are coal power plants the best option to provide electricity? A Climate perspective

The Government of Indonesia will stay committed to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. At least, it is the message that the Indonesian delegate wishes to communicate in the UNFCCC-COP25 in Madrid last December. Despite the critics that the COP 25 is not successful because the world has failed to come to an agreement, especially in article 6 of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia’s vice minister is positive that Indonesia as a country has gained success in the negotiation. One of the evidence he later provided is that Indonesia is among the countries that promote renewable energy as a key mitigation activity in the energy sector to fulfill the NDC[1].

But how does Indonesia contribute to the climate mitigation goal, especially in the energy sector? With the ratification of the Paris Agreement through Law no. 16/2016, Indonesia is committed to limit global warming below 20C. However, is our commitment explained in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target enough? Let us have a closer look at this document.

The latest report from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)[2] states that the commitment to limit global warming below 1.50C means that the world should see a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission peak before 2030 and achieve the net-zero emission by 2050. Indonesia NDC targeted a 29% reduction of GHG emission by 2030 against Business as Usual (BAU) scenario and an additional 12% if there is international support toward mitigation efforts. In numbers, these targets are actually translated into an increase of total GHG emission from 1334 Mton CO2e in 2010 into 2034 and 1784 Mton CO2e in 2030 (without and with international support respectively). The energy sector contributes to 67-71% of the total GHG emission in 2030. Compared to its 2010 level, the energy sector emission grows by three times even if Indonesia achieved its NDC. The power sector shares the highest GHG emission in the energy sector, and the coal power plant is the source of 70% of the power sector GHG emission[3].

A quick assessment by distributing the 1.50C GHG emission limit proportionately to each sector show that Indonesia should limit their GHG emission from coal power plant into 182 Mton CO2e by 2020, 112 Mton CO2e by 2030 and achieve net-zero emission before 2050 (possibly by 2047). On the other hand, the current RUPTL is planning to add 27 GW of coal power plant up to 2028, which will increase the GHG emission from coal power plant from 192 Mton CO2e into 301.3 Mton CO2e[4]. The large gap between 1.50C GHG emission limit with PLN projection for coal power plant emission suggests that, contrary to current RUPTL, Indonesia should not build any new coal power plant and would need to carry out a phase-out plan in the next few years.

GHG emission from coal power plants with moratoria of new coal plant and coal phase out policies (based on 20 years of lifetime) implemented. Source: IESR

GHG emission from coal power plants with moratoria of new coal plant and coal phase-out policies (based on 20 years of lifetime) implemented. Source: IESR

So what is (are) the policy (policies) that can help Indonesia to meet climate goals in the power sector? By using a specific emission factor from IEA, we could estimate a GHG emission from the coal power plant. Using combination of phase-out policy, moratoria on new coal power plant, and efficiency improvement in our model, we found that a combination of moratoria on new coal plant and phase-out strategy (based on 20 years lifetime of coal power plant) are the policy options that could bring Indonesia back on track in achieving the 1.5 C climate target. Consequences of these policies are that PLN has to shut down their oldest coal power plant (Suralaya 1-4 & Paiton 1-2) by 2020. By 2030, PLN has to phase-out 30% of its current capacity while only allowing coal power plant that is currently under construction and has received PPA contract to be built, and by 2048 all coal power plant should not operate anymore[5]

Following through with this policy scenario will require multi-sectoral consideration. In the power sector, the government will have to build a strategy on integrating more renewable energy sources and mitigating economic losses in the coal power plant. It is a major task, as the current power system structure, and the market might not be able to support a quick transition. As a vertically integrated utility and a single off-taker of electricity, PLN would probably bear the majority of the losses. A moratorium on new coal plant would be necessary to cut the possible losses for PLN in the future.

In a broader sense, less coal power plant means less coal is needed. The coal industry, thus, will be impacted, as well as the provinces where this coal industry is located. The coal industry is the backbone of the economy in the four coal-producing provinces: East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and South Sumatera. About 35% of GDP in East Kalimantan in 2017 is coming from the coal sector[6]. This is not counting the multiplier effect of the coal industry for other sectors.

On the national level, Indonesia would also have to diversify its economies so as not to rely on coal export to balance the trade deficit. The government should identify key potential industry/sector to be developed in the near futures, which could replace the possibly declining coal export revenue. It is a significant task for the government and Indonesia to pave a way that could minimize adverse impacts from such a plan. Ultimately, the decision will be in the hand of the government and has to be made soon.

 

[1] https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4842063/indonesia-bicara-keberhasilan-pada-konferensi-perubahan-iklim-di-madrid/1

[2] https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

[3] Analyzed from GHG Emission Inventory MEMR

[4] PLN RUPTL 2019/2028

[5] IESR Discussion paper 2019 https://iesr.or.id/pustaka/implikasi-paris-agreement-terhadap-masa-depan-pltu-indonesia/

[6] IESR Study report 2019 https://iesr.or.id/pustaka/indonesias-coal-dynamic-full-report/

Energi Terbarukan Sebagai Strategi Green Economic Recovery Pasca-COVID19



Akselerasi pembangunan energi terbarukan sebagai strategi green economic recovery pasca-COVID19

Pandemi virus corona menciptakan krisis global yang belum pernah terjadi pada generasi abad ini. Ketika tulisan ini dibuat, terdapat 3,308 juta orang yang terkena wabah ini, dengan kematian mencapai 234 ribu lebih di seluruh dunia. Hingga akhir Maret lalu terdapat lebih dari 100 negara yang menerapkan lockdown atau partial lockdown, yang berdampak pada kehidupan milyaran orang.

Aktivitas ekonomi di berbagai tingkatan lokal, nasional, global melambat drastic bahkan terhenti. Disrupsi logistik terjadi di berbagai negara, jaringan rantai pasok terkoyak, aktivitas produksi dan konsumsi mengalami stagnasi, permintaan energi anjlok, dan sebagai akibatnya kesempatan kerja pun semakin pupus dan tingkat pengangguran meningkat, demikian juga kemiskinan meningkat. 

The coronavirus lockdown is saving lives but destroying livelihoods,” kata Tim Harford, dalam artikelnya di Financial Times, 2 April 2020. International Monetary Fund (IMF) memperkirakan ekonomi global akan anjlok minus 3% tahun ini.

Indonesia juga terkena dampak sosial dan ekonomi dari wabah virus corona. Pemerintah memperkirakan pertumbuhan ekonomi tahun ini akan jauh lebih rendah dari target yang dicanangkan tahun lalu. Kementerian Keuangan memprediksi ekonomi kita menghadapi ketidakpastian dan kemungkinan hanya tumbuh minus 0,4% – 2,3%. Sejumlah lembaga internasional memprediksi ekonomi Indonesia bisa tumbuh 1%-2,5%, tetapi berbagai prediksi tersebut tergantung pada faktor seberapa buruk dampak pandemi serta efektivitas respon pemerintah mengatasi perlambatan ekonomi dan besaran stimulus yang dialokasikan untuk memacu pemulihan ekonomi.  

Sejauh ini pemerintah merespon pandemi virus corona dengan tiga strategi: pertama, membatasi penyebaran virus corona lewat kebijakan PSBB; kedua, memperkuat fasilitas dan pelayanan kesehatan untuk menghadapi pandemi; ketiga, meredam dampak ekonomi yang diakibatkan karena aktivitas ekonomi yang melambat dengan memperkuat jaring pengaman sosial dan dukungan fiskal terhadap dunia usaha dan UMKM yang terdampak. Ketiga strategi ini terlihat dalam perubahan dan realokasi belanja dalam APBN 2020 yang mengalami penghematan anggaran K/L, realokasi belanja, dan perluasan pemanfaatan dana desa, serta tambahan anggaran untuk belanja penanganan COVID-19 yang diatur dalam Perpu No. 1/2020.

Jika diamati, respon pemerintah sejauh ini baru berorientasi pada penanganan krisis dan dampak krisis saat ini. Sejauh ini belum terlihat adanya strategi untuk melakukan pemulihan ekonomi pasca-COVID-19. Dampak dari Pandemi COVID-19 memberikan tantangan yang lebih besar bagi pemerintah untuk mencapai target pembangunan nasional, antara lain: menciptakan pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi yang berkualitas, menciptakan pemerataan ekonomi, mengurangi kemiskinan, dan membangun infrastruktur secara merata di seluruh Indonesia.

Kapasitas fiskal untuk pemerintah juga berkurang dengan menurunnya sumber-sumber penerimaan dari pajak dan pendapatan non-pajak. Pulihnya sumber penerimaan negara ditentukan oleh pulihnya ekonomi dunia dan ekonomi Indonesia yang masih tidak menentu. Oleh karena itu pilihan strategi pemulihan menjadi sangat instrumental dalam rangka optimalisasi sumber daya dan dana yang terbatas untuk menghadapi krisis multi-dimensi tersebut, sekaligus berupaya mencapai target-target pembangunan yang telah direncanakan.

Tantangan yang dihadapi tidak saja berkaitan dengan dampak yang dihasilkan oleh pandemi. Dunia, termasuk Indonesia pada saat yang bersamaan menghadapi ancaman perubahan iklim dan menurunnya kualitas dan daya dukung lingkungan. Ancaman-ancaman tersebut, jika tidak diatasi, dapat menjadi penghambat tercapainya pembangunan yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan dalam jangka panjang, serta dapat memperbesar risiko dan biaya yang harus dikeluarkan dalam menghadapi krisis serupa dengan pandemi COVID-19, bahkan yang lebih besar, di masa depan. Oleh karena itu otoritas kebijakan perlu mempertimbangkan pemanfaatan sumber daya dan kapasitas fiskal secara optimal untuk menghadapi krisis dan tantangan multidimensi dalam merumuskan strategi pemulihan ekonomi.

Di sisi lain pandemi COVID-19 menciptakan peluang bagi Indonesia masuk ke dalam jalur pertumbuhan ekonomi rendah karbon (low carbon economy) yang dapat menghasilkan pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi dan berkelanjutan. Pertumbuhan ekonomi 5,6% sampai 2024 dan selanjutnya rata-rata 6% sampai 2045. Jalur ini memberikan pertumbuhan ekonomi lebih tinggi dari pendekatan business as usual seperti saat ini. Walaupun demikian pertumbuhan tinggi dapat terjadi dengan syarat jika aktivitas pembangunan mengintegrasikan mitigasi perubahan iklim untuk mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca 41% pada 2030, termasuk di dalamnya adalah pemanfaatan energi terbarukan mencapai 23% bauran energi primer hingga 2030 (Bappenas, 2019).

Untuk itu dalam menyusun paket stimulus pemulihan ekonomi pasca-pandemi, Presiden Joko Widodo harus mengintegrasikan transisi energi menuju sistem energi yang mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil, akselerasi pengembangan energi terbarukan, penciptaan lapangan kerja dalam jangka pendek, dan penguatan industri energi terbarukan nasional, serta penurunan emisi gas rumah kaca. Dengan pengintegrasian ini, diharapkan stimulus fiskal yang disiapkan oleh pemerintah dapat menciptakan dampak pada ekonomi dalam waktu singkat dan meletakan fondasi pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang yang berkelanjutan.

Strategi ini sejalan dengan rekomendasi Managing Director International Monetery Fund (IMF), Kristalina Georgieva yang disampaikan di Petersberg Climate Dialogue, yang menyatakan bahwa kebijakan fiskal yang dikeluarkan pemerintah untuk menghadapi virus corona perlu diharmonisasikan dengan tindakan untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim dan memastikan pemulihan (ekonomi) yang berkelanjutan secara lingkungan. 

Untuk itu IESR mengusulkan kepada pemerintah untuk melakukan green economic recovery pasca-COVID19 melalui Program Surya Nusantara. Ini adalah program untuk memasang Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Atap sebesar 1 GWp yang dilakukan di 500-600 ribu rumah tangga miskin penerima subsidi listrik masing-masing sebesar 1,5 kWp – 2 kWp yang on grid. Program dimulai persiapannya di 2020 dan dilaksanakan di 2021 dan dapat dilanjutkan hingga 2025 untuk mendukung tercapainya target 6,5 GW dari energi surya sebagaimana target Perpres No. 22/2017 tentang RUEN.

Program Surya Nusantara membutuhkan stimulus anggaran sebesar 15 triliun di tahun pertama, dapat semakin berkurang dari tahun ke tahun seiring dengan penurunan harga modul surya. Sumber anggarannya berasal dari APBN dan selanjutnya dapat diperluas ke APBD. Sebagian besar dari dana ini akan dinikmati oleh industri dan pelaku usaha serta pekerja domestik, yang akan berputar di dalam ekonomi Indonesia.

Program ini diperkirakan dapat menyerap 30 ribu pekerja secara langsung dan tidak langsung selama setahun penuh. Untuk eksekusinya, diperlukan tenaga kerja terampil sebagai installater dan untuk melakukan O&M. Penyiapan tenaga kerja terampil dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan pelatihan yang tersertifikasi. Pelatihan ini dapat diintegrasikan dengan Program Prakerja. Pelaksanaan pelatihan dilakukan melalui bekerja sama dengan Balai Latihan Kerja, BUMN dan perusahaan EPC yang akan menampung tenaga kerja untuk melaksanakan program ini.

Program Surya Nusantara dapat memberikan berbagai manfaat bagi ekonomi Indonesia, antara lain: pertama, penyerapan tenaga kerja hingga 30 ribu yang akan mengurangi tekanan pengangguran; kedua, penghematan subsidi listrik Rp. 1,3 triliun per tahun dan akan semakin bertambah jika program ini diperluas dan dilakukan sampai 2025. Dengan penurunan subsidi dari program tahun pertama, secara kasar investasi yang dikeluarkan pemerintah akan kembali dalam waktu 10-12 tahun; ketiga, adanya potensi mitigasi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) sebesar 1,05 juta ton/tahun yang dapat berkontribusi pada target penurunan 29% emisi GRK dalam nationally determined contribution (NDC); keempat, merangsang tumbuhnya industri photovoltaic nasional dan terbukanya pasar dan investasi untuk industri pendukung PLTS; dan kelima, terbukanya pasar PLTS Atap.  IESR memperkirakan potensi PLTS Atap untuk rumah tangga di Jawa-Bali saja mencapai 12 GW. Pemanfaatan PLTS Atap oleh rumah tangga. bangunan komersial dan industri akan mengurangi tekanan terhadap PLN untuk berinvestasi menambah kapasitas pembangkit.

Program Surya Nusantara, jika dilakukan dapat menjadi contoh nyata green economic recovery in action, yang menunjukan kepemimpinan Indonesia merespon krisis di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan di tingkat dunia. 

 

[*] Penulis adalah Direktur Eksekutif IESR, Email: fabby@iesr.or.id

Energi untuk Memasak Selama #dirumahaja: Tetap Nyaman dengan Energi Bersih Terbarukan 

PT Pertamina baru – baru ini merilis catatan adanya peningkatan konsumsi LPG nonsubsidi rumah tangga di wilayah DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, dan Banten secara signifikan (MOR III) dengan adanya penerapan kebijakan dan imbauan physical distancing oleh pemerintah demi mencegah penyebaran dan penularan #Covid19 lebih luas. Aktivitas di rumah, termasuk memasak, meningkat karena anjuran tersebut. Menurut catatan Pertamina, terjadi peningkatan rata-rata konsumsi hingga 23% untuk produk LPG non subsidi Bright Gas 5,5 kg, dan 12 kg di wilayah Cirebon, Indramayu, Majalengka dan Kuningan. Menyikapi hal ini, pemerintah dalam berbagai kesempatan menyatakan bahwa pasokan LPG dipastikan tetap terjaga untuk mengantisipasi kenaikan permintaan dari masyarakat. 

Selain LPG, adakah sumber energi lain yang bisa kita gunakan untuk keperluan memasak di rumah?

Ada alternatif bahan bakar #cleancooking yang selain bersih, juga bisa memanfaatkan sumber energi terbarukan di sekitar kita, yaitu:

Biogas

Biogas bisa didapatkan dengan memanfaatkan limbah dari kotoran ternak dan sampah/limbah organik yang kemudian difermentasi dan menghasilkan gas untuk menyalakan api pada kompor gas maupun kebutuhan penerangan. 

Mama Seni dari Sumba menggunakan biogas dari kotoran ternak dan bertani dengan slurry (produk sampingan dari biogas), beliau kini telah menjadi petani dan pengusaha perempuan yang sukses di desanya. Di Semarang, Ibu Suwanti menggunakan limbah tahu untuk usaha makanan rumahannya, yang selain menghemat biaya bahan bakar, juga membuat tetangganya senang karena tak lagi mencium bau limbah tahu yang kurang sedap. Dengan menggunakan biogas, kedua perempuan ini mampu menjadi pengusaha yang sukses dan menjadi panutan untuk masyarakat 

Jika ingin mengembangkan biogas mini rumahan yang cocok untuk Anda yang ingin punya biogas tapi tidak memiliki ternak, Yayasan Rumah Energi memberikan contoh penggunaan biogas rumah dalam skala kecil.

Tungku Sehat Hemat Energi (TSHE)

TSHE merupakan teknologi tungku bersih yang menyasar 40% rumah tangga di Indonesia yang masih menggunakan biomassa tradisional untuk memasak (misalnya kayu). Dengan menggunakan kayu cacah, pelet kayu, atau pelet serbuk gergaji; TSHE didesain untuk menghasilkan asap dan partikulat yang lebih sedikit, sehingga polusi dalam ruangan dapat berkurang. Kondisi memasak yang lebih bersih berdampak positif pada perempuan dan anggota keluarga lain, yang selama ini banyak mengalami gangguan kesehatan terkait pernapasan. TSHE juga memanfaatkan bahan organik buangan dari sekitar rumah, misalnya tempurung kelapa, sehingga dapat menghemat biaya energi rumah tangga. 

Sejak 2019, mitra IESR yang tergabung dalam Strategic Partnership Green and Inclusive Energy, yaitu Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia, juga telah melakukan program peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat tentang energi bersih di Jawa Tengah, termasuk salah satunya melatih dan memberdayakan rumah tangga lokal untuk memproduksi TSHE.  

Kompor Surya (Solar Cooker)

Solar cooker merupakan inovasi #cleancooking yang dikembangkan terutama untuk masyarakat di perdesaan yang kesulitan mengakses gas atau listrik, juga untuk mengurangi deforestasi atau penggunaan kayu bakar secara berlebihan. Dengan desain kompor yg memusatkan panas dari matahari, pengguna dapat memasak atau menghangatkan makanan di dalamnya. 

Kompor Listrik dan Kompor Induksi

Kedua jenis kompor ini juga merupakan salah satu pilihan #cleancooking, keduanya menggunakan listrik sebagai sumber energi. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah daya dan kualitas listrik yang kita miliki, juga keamanan jaringan listrik di rumah; karena daya yang diperlukan kompor ini cukup besar (~1000 Watt).

Nah, lebih bagus lagi jika sumber energi listrik rumah kita berasal dari PLTS atap, agar sumber listrik untuk memasaknya juga bersih dan sekaligus hemat! Baca-baca dulu soal PLTS atap di sini ya:

Jaringan Gas Rumah Tangga (Jargas)

Jargas merupakan jaringan pipa yang dibangun dan dioperasikan untuk penyediaan dan pendistribusian gas bumi bagi rumah tangga. Jargas disalurkan ke rumah tangga dari sumber gas terdekat, sehingga meminimalkan distribusi. Selain itu, penggunaan jargas juga dapat mengurangi impor gas untuk LPG. Memang tidak setiap daerah dapat menjadi sasaran jargas. Informasi lebih lanjut bisa merujuk ke akun media sosial PT Pertamina dan PGN, yang mengoperasikan jargas di Indonesia.

Jangan lupa tetap berhemat energi di rumah ya! 

 

Salam hangat,

Institute for Essential Services Reform

 

Stimulus Akselerasi Energi Terbarukan untuk Pemulihan Ekonomi Pascapandemi #VirusCorona

Ditengah tekanan pandemi #COVID-19 ada kesempatan bagi pemerintah Indonesia untuk memprioritaskan strategi pembangunan rendah karbon, mendukung investasi energi terbarukan salah satunya.

Apa yang bisa dilakukan:

1) Siapkan stimulus untuk mempercepat PLN mengganti PLTD dan PLTU di luar Jawa yang sudah berusia di atas 20 tahun dengan pembangkit energi terbarukan: surya, air, biomass, angin, dan panas bumi. Ada potensi 1000 MW. berikan bunga rendah (<7%) bagi pelaku usaha lokal untuk membagun pembangkit energi terbarukan <20 MW, kombinasikan dengan kebijakan feed-in-tariff yang sedang disiapkan Permennya. Akan ada ribuan tenaga kerja yang terserap dan kredit bank yang mengucur. Sektor riil bergulir;

2) Kombinasikan dengan aktivitas ekonomi lokal dengan sistem produksi biomasa oleh masyarakat. Ini menciptakan lapangan kerja baru yang bisa jadi alternatif terhadap kebun kelapa sawit yang harga produknya mengalami tekanan;

3) Latih tenaga kerja untuk bekerja di sektor energi terbarukan sebagai teknisi, digabungkan dengan program PLTS Atap #SuryaNusantara;

4) Pasang PLTS Atap di pelanggan listrik 900 VA yang disubsidi dalam 5 tahun. Ada 8 juta pelanggan PLN pada kelompok ini. Jika setiap rumah dipasang 1 kWp maka akan didapat 8GW pada akhirnya. Pemerintah dapat menghapus subsidi listrik segera setelah PLTS Atap dipasang. Lanjutkan dengan 24 juta pelanggan 450VA. Alokasikan APBN untuk ini, lakukan bulk procurement sehingga dapat harga yang kompetitif dari produsen PV lokal dan untuk EPC. Ada ratusan kontraktor yang akan menyerap puluhan ribu tenaga kerja dalam 5 tahun;

5) Berikan insentif dan subsidi untuk membangun industri energi terbarukan: turbin air, boiler biomassa, industri PV dari hulu ke hilir dan pembuatan turbin angin, serta industri battery;

6) Berikan kredit lunak untuk rumah tangga untuk memasang PLTS Atap. Ada 4 juta rumah tangga yang berpotensi memasang 12-15 GW. Sebagian besar perlu kredit lunak.

Pemerintah bisa menciptakan “solar economy” dari sini dengan potensi investasi masyarakat $12-20 milyar. #LawanVirusCorona #StimulusEnergiTerbarukan

Kembangkan industri photovoltaic di dalam negeri, Indonesia bisa belajar dari India

Pemerintah Indonesia terkait (Kementerian Perindustrian dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) bisa belajar dari India. Kita perlu kebijakan industri yang fleksible. Penerapan TKDN penting tapi jangan sampai menghambat pembentukan pasar dan perkembangan PLTS yang kompetitif. 

Sumber Berita: https://www.pv-tech.org/news/India-proposes-20-customs-duty-on-solar-imports-in-2020-2021-budget
India proposes tax cuts for new IPPs and 20% customs duty on solar imports | Sumber Berita: https://www.pv-tech.org/news/India-proposes-20-customs-duty-on-solar-imports-in-2020-2021-budget

Presiden RI Joko Widodo bisa merevolusi pemanfaatan energi surya sekaligus membangun industri surya di Indonesia dengan belajar dari India. Apa yang dilakukan pemerintah India:

1) Tetapkan target nasional PV yang ambisius; 

2) Bangun permintaan dan pasar untuk teknologi PV lewat program nasional yang dilakukan secara konsisten. India punya target PV 100 GWp sampai 2022; 

3) Ijinkan impor modul surya dan PV dalam prosesnya tapi Research & Development dan penguatan industri dalam negeri dilakukan; 

4) Setelah industri perakitan sel dan modul surya tumbuh dengan kapasitas >3 GWp per tahun, pemerintah menjamin pasar melalui mandatory policy penggunaan modul surya untuk proyek2 yang dapat subsidi/dukungan finansial pemerintah; 

5) Program solar park skala besar dikembangkan dan membuat harga listrik dari PLTS lebih murah dan kompetitif, industri PV dalam negeri “dipaksa” melakukan inovasi dan efisiensi; 

6) Setelah industri PV dalam negeri berkembang dan kompetitif, pemerintah menetapkan bea masuk 20% atas sel dan modul surya impor. Sebaliknya investasi di pembangkit PLTS diberikan insentif pengurangan pajak, untuk menjaga pertumbuhan permintaan sehingga output industri dapat diserap. 

Lewat kombinasi target energi surya, India bisa meningkatkan kapasitas industri sel surya dari 3 GWp pada 2014 menjadi 29 GWp pada 2019. 

IESR merekomendasikan Pak Jokowi ‘all out’ mendorong pengembangan energi surya. Sampai 2030, kita punya potensi 30 GWp utility scale PLTS dan 15 GWp PLTS Atap. Target RUEN hanya 6,5 GWp sampai 2025. Presiden harus menugaskan PLN untuk agresif membangun PLTS skala besar di Indonesia, diatas tanah dan diatas danau/bendungan. Dalam 5 tahun ke depan 5 GWp PLTS skala besar dapat dipasang. Kemudian dorong pemanfaatan PLTS Atap di seluruh gedung pemerintah sesuai amanat Perpres No. 22/2017 dan substitusi subsidi listrik rumah tangga miskin 450 VA dengan PLTS Atap 1-1,5 kWp per rumah. 

Untuk yang PLTS Atap bagi rumah tangga miskin, Pemerintah (Jokowi.red)  bisa prioritaskan pemakaian modul surya dalam negeri. Jika 500 ribu – 1 juta rumah tangga miskin bisa pasang PLTS Atap setiap tahun, kebutuhan modul mencapai 1-1,5 GWp, ini cukup untuk membuat industri surya yang terintegrasi dari wafer-sel-modul surya dan industri pendukungnya.

Presiden Jokowi bisa mendorong provinsi – provinsi di Indonesia untuk melakukan program PLTS dan memperkuat inisiatif seperti #JatengSolarRevolution oleh Ganjar Pranowo, Gubernur Jawa Tengah dan #BaliCleanEnergyIsland oleh I Wayan Koster, Gubernur Bali, serta inisiatif Pemprov DKI Jakarta. 

Indonesia bisa mencapai 23% energi terbarukan di 2025, perlu strong leadership President Jokowi

#SuryaNusantara #1BY20 #SolarRevolution