Background Solar energy (photovoltaics) has made it into Indonesia’s mainstream regulations, power sector planning, and net-zero emission pathway. With a technical potential of 3,294 GWp (MEMR, 2022) and reaching almost 20,000 GWp based on land availability and suitability (IESR, 2021), Indonesia could benefit from massive deployments of solar energy for utility-scale to small scale plants…